paratuberculosis (MAP), primarily invades the distal ileum via M cells, persists in macrophages through intracellular immune evasion, and results in granuloma formation, villus atrophy, mucosal thickening, and barrier dysfunction, ultimately leading to chronic diarrhea, weight loss, and reduced milk production 1,77,78
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Keywords: oxidative stress, sperm DNA damage, epigenetic alterations, omics, infertility 1
Cannon M, Stevenson J, Stahl K, Basu R, Coffman A, Kiwala S