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Compared with traditional meta-analysis using linear mixed effect models, MR-BRT relaxes the assumption of a log(linear) relationship between exposure and risk, incorporates between-study heterogeneity into the uncertainty of risk estimates, handles estimates reported across different exposure categories, automatically identifies and trims outliers, and systematically tests and adjusts for bias due to study designs and characteristics

Quitting gradually involves less intense but more prolonged symptoms

Our prior work found negatively framed mental health warnings for cigarette packaging were perceived as less effective than current physical health warnings, and had the potential to induce stigma and blame for people who smoke [38]

On the other hand, vaping products can have nicotine strengths that range from 3mg to 50mg per milliliter of e-liquid