chewing tobacco diseases Oral cancer and tobacco: developments in harm reduction Oral health consequences of smokeless

doi: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.10.370 57 VaradiAJohnson-CadwellLICirulliVYoonYAllanVJRutterGA

Male herbal cigarette consumers tend to prefer traditional cigarette-format products in standard box packaging, favor flavors such as spearmint and lemongrass, and are more likely to purchase through convenience stores, forecourt retailers, and online platforms

With freebase nicotine, a much lower-strength alternative, the equivalencies vary far more

Widespread upregulation of nAChRs, likely related to receptor desensitization from nicotine exposure, has been observed among smokers [70, 71] and, conversely, smoking cessation associated with decreases in regional nAChR densities [72]