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In addition, a critical appraisal of emerging therapeutic modalities targeting mitochondrial function is provided, including mitochondria-targeted antioxidants, bioenergetic modulators, and agents that enhance mitochondrial quality control mechanisms

36 studies were included (35 preclinical [rodents] studies, 1 clinical [humans] study)

However, if the underlying cause of your deficiency remains such as pernicious anemia or ongoing medication use that impairs absorption your B12 levels will gradually decline after discontinuation

The 2025 update also highlights CGM consideration for adults with type 2 diabetes on glucose-lowering agents beyond insulin when clinically appropriate