Although its incidence exceeds that of hemorrhagic stroke, the associated mortality rate is comparatively lower ( 2 Heterogeneity of subtypes in ischemic stroke and immune-BBB injury Ischemic stroke can be divided into thrombotic, embolic and cerebral venous sinus thrombosis subtypes according to the etiology ( Atherothrombosis is one of the principal subtypes of ischemic stroke, with its pathological core being the rupture of atherosclerotic plaques and subsequent in-situ thrombosis ( Cardioembolic stroke typically manifests with an abrupt onset, resulting from the sudden occlusion of major cerebral vessels by dislodged emboli ( In contrast to arterial ischemic stroke, the core pathology of cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST) centers on impaired venous drainage leading to venous hypertension ( 3 Mechanisms of immune-inflammatory activation In ischemic stroke, immune cells such as astrocytes, microglia, oligodendrocytes, neutrophils, T lymphocytes, and monocytes regulate the immune response and maintain BBB function through different mechanisms ( 3.1 Central immune cell responses As essential components of the central nervous system (CNS), microglia, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes play key roles in post-stroke immune regulation by shaping the microenvironment surrounding the infarct area ( 3.1.1 Microglia Microglia are the primary immune cells of the CNS, participating in either inflammatory or reparative processes through polarization into distinct phenotypes ( Figure 1 )
Cytokine and chemokine multiplex analysis Frozen plasma samples at -80 CC were thawed and centrifuged for 15 min at 1500g followed by dilution for quantifying cytokine and chemokine profiles, respectively
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The strong presence of Glutathione ingredients helps to reduce the melanin pigments production and thus makes the skin fairer than your old skin tone
