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Cellular and developmental control of O 2 homeostasis by hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha

Research shows that long-term smoking causes chronic inflammation and damage to the bronchial tubes, raising bronchitis risk

Eating a diet that consists of plenty of fresh fruits and vegetables

FIGURE 1 Data source Exposures: Smoking, alcohol consumption, and coffee consumption Age of initiation smoking, cigarettes per day, smoking cessation, smoking initiation, coffee consumption, and drinks per week were selected as the six exposure variables of substance use relevant to this study ( N = 341,427), cigarettes per day (CPD, N = 337,334), smoking initiation (showing an individual had ever smoked regularly, N = 1,232,091), and smoking cessation ( N = 547,475)