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1989, Volume 97(2), Pages 257-261 (2 mg gum average increase of 5 beats per minute [bpm], 4 mg gum 10 bpm, smoking nicotine 17.5 bpm) Houlihan ME, et al, A double blind study of the effects of smoking on heart rate: is there tachyphylaxis

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Risk of bias Our comprehensive risk of bias assessment indicated that 40% of the studies presented certain issues, 20% were evaluated as moderate risk, and 10% were considered high risk

Statistical analysis To examine the association between cigarette type and MetS, as well as its risk factors, multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed using weighted data, while controlling for all demographic, socioeconomic, and health-related covariates