glutathione redox cycle Fig. 4 Frontiers | Glutathione: new roles

Abramovitz M, Homma H, Ishigaki S, Tansey F, Cammer W, Listowsky I: Characterization and localization of glutathione-S-transferases in rat brain and binding of hormones, neurotransmitters, and drugs

Another study also showed that astrocyte cultures showed a dramatic increase in tumor necrosis factor receptor1(TNFR1) levels, as well as subsequent activation of MAPKs p38, Jun N-terminal kinase1/2, and NF-B, and signal-regulated kinase1/2, which is outside of the cell, when stimulated with UCB (91)

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Also, phospholipases trigger chronic inflammation, which further induces peptic ulcers