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3 Epidemiology of e-cigarette use among adolescents In the United States, e-cigarettes have been the most commonly used tobacco product among youth since around 2014, and their use rose sharply over the past decade, peaking in 2019 when 27.5% of high school students reported vaping (17)

M2 macrophages are often stimulated by interleukin-10 (IL-10) and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-) cytokines and are responsible for anti-inflammatory tissue repair and regeneration (Cheng et al

This significantly reduces the surface area available for oxygen to enter the bloodstream, making it harder to breathe